CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

In metal minerals such as copper, atoms combine with each other to form crystals in which the electrons are external atoms free movement and when these electrons move in one direction the current of electric current. In non-fluent materials such as sulfur, electrons are restricted by the nucleus of atoms and there is no room for current flow.

Lighting Rod.

These materials are called insulators. Most of the conductors are insulated and some of them are very good insulation. Therefore, we find that the electrical wires are coated with rubber or plastic. It makes them safe. We actually use the connectors to transfer the electricity to where we need it and we use the isolators to prevent it from leaking to where we do not want it. Perhaps one of the most important uses of insulating materials is to use them to protect our bodies from electricity.

High Voltage Cable Insulation.

Because the human body is capable of delivering electricity, especially if it is wet if you accidentally touched a wire that was carrying an electric current felt by electric shock and violent if your hands are wet, you may be shocked by the shock, warning that you touch the electrical device and your hands wet because any defect in isolation may endanger you .Its insulating thickness required to protect the wire does not depend on the intensity of current in it, but on the electrical voltage that drives the electrons through it. If the voltage is as high as the wires connected to the spark plugs in a gasoline engine, for example, the insulation is thick, with the voltage at thousands of volts.

Wiring in car.

As for the insulation around the wires plug into the battery electric pocket lamp is very thin because the voltage does not exceed the volts and half of the plug. In terms of conductivity, the third category of materials is semiconductors. Some of these semiconductors, such as silicon, germanium, selenium, and heating, are one of the means to make these materials reach the current, but the most effective method is to add some impurities to it.
So to the germanium, some arsenic led to the emergence of free electrons in their crystals. This is due to the fact that the outer shell of the germanium atom contains 4 electrons while the outer envelope contains arsenic 5 and when the atoms combine, they tend to form eight electron groups leaving the ninth electron free. This free electron can be used as a connecting electron. When an electrical voltage is exerted, this electron moves away from its peak and is applied as metal electrons do. This type of conduction is called a negative connection pattern. But another type of conductivity is produced if the germanium is added to an element of indium. The indium element has 3 external electrons only, and when the atom is joined to the Germanium atom, the electronic electron group decreases. This electronic gap, as it is called, can connect the current. This type of conduction is called positive conductivity. Different types of semiconductor materials are used in the manufacture of transistors.