The atom consists of a Central nucleus that revolves around it a number of electrons. The nucleus contains fine particles called protons and neutrons. nucleus in a particular element, such as carbon, include a number of protons that are always equal to the number of orbital electrons.
Thus, the charge of positive protons is fully equivalent to the negative charge of the electrons. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom may change. And atoms whose nuclei are equal in the number of protons and differ in the number of neutrons known as isotopes, and each element has several isotopes. The nuclei of many isotopes remain stable and are called stable isotopes. Unstable isotopes are emitted at any moment by radiation energy to mitigate their instability. These are the nuclei of radioisotopes. Radiation efficiency was first mentioned in history in 1896 when Becquerel discovered that uranium salts were emitting some kind of energy. It was later discovered that this emission originated from atomic nuclei and had nothing to do with orbital electrons.
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| Hydrogen Radioisotopes. |
Radioactive isotopes lose their energy in several ways, but the two most important pathways are the emission of Alpha particles and the removal of Beta Particles. The Alpha body is formed of 2 proton and 2 neutron is actually equivalent to helium atom nucleus. After the nucleus of the radioactive isotope radiates the alpha-nucleus,
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| Mari Curie (1867-1934) |
the analog turns into the counterpart of another proton-deficient element, which means that the weight of the nucleus decreases when Alpha particle is lost. The Beta particle is an electron and its because one of the neutrons of the nucleus suddenly dissolves into protons, electrons, and neutrinos. This decay occurs only in the nuclei of radioisotopes.
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| Alpha & Beta Rays. |
After the radioisotope emits a Beta Particle, turns into a counterpart of another element that increases proton. The weight of the new and original isotopes is not significantly different since the neutron and the proton are approximately equal in weight.The radioactive counterpart is often transformed into another radiant counterpart, which in turn turns into a third counterpart and may degenerate into a fourth radiant counterpart.
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| Uranium Radioactive chain. |
This process continues until the end of a stable counterpart, and this group of isotopes forms a sequence or a radiological series. There are four of these known radio series, and the uranium series is one of them. The half-nucleus phase of the radioactive isotope is called the half-life of that counterpart.
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| Iodine Decay Curve |
The half-lives of radioisotopes vary, some of them only a fraction of a second, and some over several million years. The number of nucleotide nuclei in the radioactive agent is gradually decreasing.
The effectiveness of the radioactive material is measured by the number of decays per second, and thus decreases over time. The ratio of this discrepancy depends on the half-life of the radiograph.
The three Hydrogen isotopes. A hydrogen atom usually contains one proton. In about 15 atoms of every 100,000 atoms, the nucleus contains protons and neutrons. These are hydrogen atoms known as deuterium. Tritium is the equivalent of radioactive hydrogen and contains the nucleus of the atom in which neutrons are present. With a massive beta, the nucleus of the Tritium becomes a rare helium counterpart.
The energy of particles emitted from different isotopes varies greatly. In the case of equal energy in the alpha particle and beta particle, the particle is characterized by a stronger penetrating potential and can be enforced through a rather thick metal piece. The alpha particle is stopped by a thin piece of metal, due to its weight that exceeds the weight of the electron or a beta particle more than 7,000 times.
The Radioactive-uranium chain begins to dissolve the uranium equivalent of 233 protons and neutrons (92 protons). And end up with a stable lead. The half-life chart shows some of the decay products.
The decay curve of the radioiodine which has a half-life of 8 days.After 16 days, no more than one-quarter of the original nuclei remain. Thus, the fraction decreases to half a quarter of the volume after 24 days and to a fraction of 16 after 32 days.
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