IRON AND STEEL.

The first human was making his tools and weapons from bones and stone or wood. then slightly he discovered that steel metals that he could find within meteor rocks or within a fire ashes could be much tougher than wood, for making his tools. Copper was the first metal that humans discovered first and with large quantities, but it was flexible almost not usable to face enemy but it could afford much strength when mixed with Tin to produce Bronz. Ancient Egypt used the bronze for about 3500 B.C. in order to make their own tools and various weapons. this was the beginning of the so-called  "Bronz Age".

Ancient Egypt in the Bronz Age

The iron was identified at this point but the only known source at this point of time was within the meteor rocks, then it happened 1500 B.C. that somewhere in the Asian Continent, people discovered that if they mixed some metals they can have iron, also the "Houthis" was the first who assembled an army with ironic weapons, they won their war against their enemy so fast, which their enemy was assembled with bronze weapons.

Bessemer way of preparing cast iron

This was the Dawn of "Iron Age" which is continued to this day, Iron and Steel are the most important metals used these days, in buildings, machines, cars & ships. the world consumption of Iron reaches beyond 300 million tons per year, and our life could have been much harder if we did not discover it.
The most important derivatives of iron is (Hematite & Magnetite) which is available generously in many spots in our world, those components burned with Coke and limestone in a high-temperature furnace which isolates the iron oxides and pure iron is melted and release melted iron in templates to cool down this is known as "Cast Iron".

Henry Bessemer

In order to prepare a 100 ton of Cast Iron, you will need 190 ton of raw material of iron, 100 coke & 50 ton of limestone, also we gain 50 ton of slag beside the 100 cast iron. slag is used for cement and concrete.
Cast iron is not totally pure, it contains at least %3 of  Carbon which makes it slightly shelled, in order to gain from cast iron, which is the purest forms of iron, we have to remove this Carbon percentage to be not more than %0.5, which is a way that an English scientist have discovered in 1856 called "Henry Bessemer" and it was a way that the air is triggered through the melted cast iron in a special transformer in order to

Open shed factory prepares steel

to transform most of the Carbonic Impurities into Carbon Dioxide by unification with air. recently the Bessemer transformer was exchanged with the open shed.

Steel is much stronger than the Iron and easier to make, steel that has %13 of it from Manganese is much stronger, otherwise, if it contains nickel and chrome it becomes rustproof.